Inverse modeling of lichen growth curves and implications for lichenometric dating     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2022

Lichenometric dating represents a quick and affordable surface exposure dating method that has been widely used to provide a minimum age constraint on tectonic and geomorphic landscape changes as well as buildings and anthropogenic landscape changes in various settings during the late Holocene. Despite its widespread usage, this method has several limitations. Major problems relate to the sampling of lichen population on any given rock surface and the modeling of growth curves. In order to overcome these issues, it has been suggested to subdivide the rock surface into some areas and measure the largest lichen thallus on each one. However, how to express the data in terms of a probability distribution function and link it to an age of last exposure of the rock surface are still a matter of debate. Here, we propose a novel approach to the modeling of lichen growth curves by treating lichen growth as a continuous-time Markov process with a time-varying rate and additive Brownian noise. Given the growth rates, the probability distribution of the lichen population at any time can then be obtained by solving the Fokker–Planck equation. This method is illustrated using a dataset from the Huashan area of eastern China, which consists of measurements of the largest thalli on 12 rock surfaces of known age. We first build up the probability distribution of the lichen population for each rock surface based on extreme value theory and then use these to optimize the growth curve by minimizing the Jensen–Shannon divergence. A new method is also proposed to use the growth curve to map a sample of size data from an undated rock surface to the calendar age domain so as to yield a fully probabilistic estimate of the exposure age of the undated rock surface rather than a point estimate.  相似文献   

Revisiting natural and laboratory electron spin resonance (ESR) dose response curves of quartz from Chinese loess     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2022

Natural and laboratory ESR dose response curves (DRCs) of [AlO₄/h]⁰ and [TiO₄/M⁺]⁰ were investigated for samples of quartz from the Luochuan loess-palaeosol master section, Chinese Loess Plateau. The natural and laboratory DRCs show a clear divergence above ∼1000 Gy, with much lower D₀ values and saturation levels observed for the natural DRCs, which is in agreement with the previous study by Tsukamoto et al. (2018). Young (<15 ka) samples from Luochuan and Jingbian – another site of the Chinese Loess Plateau, together with two modern samples of Chinese loess, were used to investigate the residual signals of [AlO₄/h]⁰ and [TiO₄/M⁺]⁰ centres. Our results are in line with published studies and show that the significant residual signals corresponding to several tens to hundreds of Gy are present in both Al and Ti centres. These need to be taken into account before laboratory DRC construction. ESR pulse annealing experiments performed on samples irradiated with different doses show an apparent dose-dependent thermal instability of [AlO₄/h]⁰ and [TiO₄/M⁺]⁰, with the signals for higher doses decaying faster with increasing temperature. We attribute the change in D₀ with preheat reported in Tsukamoto et al.2018, as well as the difference between laboratory and natural DRCs, to this apparent dose-dependent thermal instability of the signals. The saturation level of the natural DRC, being the result of reaching the equilibrium between filling of the traps and emptying them due to thermal decay, is therefore additionally affected at higher doses, due to the increased thermal instability. The inability to recreate in the laboratory the same response to irradiation as the one observed in nature questions the accuracy of dating samples beyond ∼1000 Gy.  相似文献   

Coarse-grained K-rich feldspar and fine-grained polymineral IRSL dating of loess-palaeosol from the Chinese Loess Plateau: A comparison     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2022

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考虑应力变化速率的岩石脆性评价指标     

匡智浩  李邵军  杜灿勋  邱士利  吝曼卿  杜三林 《岩土力学》2022,43(Z1):293-300

脆性作为岩石的重要的力学指标,对深部岩体性态评价以及灾害预防具有重要意义。岩石应力−应变曲线能够很好地表征岩石的脆性。考虑到现有基于应力−应变曲线的脆性指标大多都只对曲线的一部分进行分析,且少有指标能够准确地应用于岩石II类曲线中,对整体判断的缺乏可能会导致工程应用上适应性及可靠性不足的情况。针对现有脆性指标普遍存在的物理意义模糊、评估结果与岩石脆性的关系非连续等问题,综合考量岩石应力−应变曲线中峰前应力上升速率、峰后应力跌落速率以及峰值点应变值对岩石脆性的影响,提出了一种物理意义明确、计算结果与岩石脆性之间的关系是单调且连续的岩石脆性指数计算方法。选取国内外常用脆性指标对锦屏II级水电站大理岩和某铁路隧道花岗岩、变质砂岩以及片麻岩的单轴压缩试验数据进行脆性评价后进行比较,验证了指标的适用性。进一步将提出的指标应用于常规三轴试验条件下大理岩脆性分析,结果表明,该指标不仅能够量化和分类不同岩石的脆性特征,还能表征围压对岩石脆性的抑制作用。  相似文献   

基于数据挖掘的土−水特征曲线演化规律研究     

陈勇  苏剑  曹玲  王力  王世梅 《岩土力学》2022,43(Z2):23-34

土−水特征曲线是非饱和土持水性能和水气运移规律的重要表征,由于其测试过程繁杂、影响因素众多,很难通过系列试验和数学模型全面表达。为探索土的类型和物理状态对土−水特征曲线的影响,以国内外大量试验数据为基础,以反映其形态的3个特征值（进气值、减湿率、残余含水率）为对象,采用数据分析统计方法揭示不同赋存条件对特征值的作用规律,采用机器学习方法探究影响因素的敏感性。研究结果表明：土体的物质组成（颗粒级配、粒径尺度、塑性指数）及赋存状态（密实程度、饱和含水率、干湿循环作用、环境温度）是影响其持水性能的常见分析指标,各影响因素对3个特征值的影响特征既有巨大差异也有相互联系,敏感性成果表明代表黏粒含量的塑性指数和反映密实程度的干密度是影响土体持水性能的最主导因素,给出的特征值分布范围考虑了两个主导因素的影响,具有较强的代表性和借鉴意义。  相似文献   

不同温控曲线对石灰改良黄土强度影响研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

解邦龙  张吾渝  孙翔龙  刘乐青  刘成奎 《冰川冻土》2022,44(1):262-274

青海季节性冻土地区工程建设受冻融循环作用和黄土湿陷性的双重影响,工程上常采用石灰与黄土拌和作为垫层材料以满足工程要求,但冻融循环作用依旧对地基土体的性能有所影响。为探究青海季节性地区气候变化对地基土所带来的不利影响,采用3种温控曲线（1#、2#和3#温控曲线）模拟了青海季节性冻土地区气候变化规律,通过无侧限抗压强度试验和SEM等微观试验,分析不同温控曲线对2∶8、3∶7灰土强度和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明3∶7和2∶8灰土的应力-应变关系均呈现应变软化型,0~6次冻融过程中试样的无侧限抗压强度随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐降低,继续增加冻融循环次数后其强度有所上升;冻融循环6次时灰土内部孔隙分布相较于冻融20次时多,且随着冻融循环次数的增加颗粒间接触方式由点-点、点-面接触向面-面接触转变;1#温控曲线的微观定量参数较2#、3#温控曲线变化明显,经历1#曲线时试样内部孔隙更为圆滑,结构排列疏松,1#温控曲线对试样结构和强度的影响程度相对较弱。  相似文献   

改进的等效半空间法及瑞雷波频散曲线反演   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

陈祥  孙进忠 《地球物理学报》2006,49(2):569-576

层状模型的理论频散曲线表明，层状模型表面瑞雷波同一频率对应的相速度具有多值特点，这就是所谓的瑞雷波多阶性. 面波的多阶性导致了实测频散曲线的复杂性，当地层中存在软弱夹层时这一问题尤为突出，从而给实测频散曲线的解释带来了困难. 本文从工程实用的角度出发，根据等效半空间理论，提出了一种计算理论频散曲线的新算法——改进的等效半空间法，避开了面波多阶性这一复杂问题. 由此方法计算得到的面波相速度并不同于某个具体阶数的面波，而是对多阶面波的综合反映. 按照改进的等效半空间法编制了拟合反演程序，并在工程中进行了运用，取得较好的效果.  相似文献   

地震多属性拟测井多参数反演预测煤层顶底板岩石赋水性研究     

汪洋 《中国煤炭地质》2012,(4):56-61

通过实例介绍利用地震多属性与测井成果联合反演,获得表征煤层顶底板岩石赋水性强弱的拟测井参数体,进而对其进行赋水性分析：首先利用伽马-伽马测井及视电阻率曲线重构岩石视孔隙度曲线,以获得研究区岩石视孔隙度成果;利用测井成果合成地震记录进行精细的地震地质层位标定及采区地震数据的保幅、保真处理;在测井成果约束下进行地震多属性拟测井多参数反演,利用反演成果的高低异常区评价煤层顶底板赋水强弱分区——低波阻抗、低电阻率、高孔隙度分布的区域对应赋水性强的区域,反之为赋水性弱的区域。  相似文献   

基于Excel的Q=f（S）及q=f（S）曲线判别     

李云峰 《中国煤炭地质》2012,(5):42-43,47

鉴于传统的手工方法或CAD绘制抽水试验过程中Q=f（S）及q=f（S）曲线中出现的效率低、精度不高的问题,利用Excel的计算、图表功能．以内蒙古鄂尔多斯某井田203孔8煤至17煤抽水试验资料为例,详细阐述了图表法和数值法绘制Q=f（S）及q=f（S）曲线的具体步骤及判别啦线是否正常的方法,为野外水文地质技术人员提供了一个很好的参考范本。  相似文献   

Development of a continuous soil moisture accounting procedure for curve number methodology and its behaviour with different evapotranspiration methods     

N. Kannan  C. Santhi  J. R. Williams  J. G. Arnold 《水文研究》2008,22(13):2114-2121

The curve number (CN) method is widely used for rainfall–runoff modelling in continuous hydrologic simulation models. A sound continuous soil moisture accounting procedure is necessary for models using the CN method. For shallow soils and soils with low storage, the existing methods have limitations in their ability to reproduce the observed runoff. Therefore, a simple one‐parameter model based on the Soil Conservation Society CN procedure is developed for use in continuous hydrologic simulation. The sensitivity of the model parameter to runoff predictions was also analysed. In addition, the behaviour of the procedure developed and the existing continuous soil moisture accounting procedure used in hydrologic models, in combination with Penman–Monteith and Hargreaves evapotranspiration (ET) methods was also analysed. The new CN methodology, its behaviour and the sensitivity of the depletion coefficient (model parameter) were tested in four United States Geological Survey defined eight‐digit watersheds in different water resources regions of the USA using the SWAT model. In addition to easy parameterization for calibration, the one‐parameter model developed performed adequately in predicting runoff. When tested for shallow soils, the parameter is found to be very sensitive to surface runoff and subsurface flow and less sensitive to ET. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献